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Digitalizing herbaria to think better about biodiversity

Note: This post was originally written in Spanish, and this English translation was made with AI.

Digitizing a biological collection is not merely a matter of turning physical objects into data. It is a way of amplifying the work of collectors, taxonomists, and curators. Each herbarium specimen contains material evidence that a species existed in a place, on a specific date, under certain conditions. When that information remains only in a folder, a label, or a cabinet, its reach is limited. When it is digitized, it becomes available to a much wider audience.

Digitized specimens make it possible to reconstruct distributions, identify gaps in information, and observe changes over time. If we integrate the available records for a species, we can map the extent of its known distribution. That description is not just a cartographic exercise. It becomes a criterion for assessing conservation status. A species with a very small range is often more vulnerable than one that is widely distributed, and that vulnerability should be recognized when assigning threat categories.

Herbaria also allow us to ask temporal questions. A species that was collected in a place decades ago and has not been recorded there again may be showing a sign of local extinction. That signal should be reviewed carefully, because the absence of records does not always mean the absence of the species. But without historical data that is digitized and verifiable, we cannot even formulate the question properly. Digitization allows us to start that work: compare the past with the present, recognize areas where collecting is lacking, detect changes in distribution, and build monitoring programs.

Biological collections are not only archives of the past. They are infrastructures for observing change. In a context of biodiversity crisis, climate change, and accelerated transformation of ecosystems, we need to know where species are, where they were before, and where they may be disappearing from. Herbaria make it possible to sustain that conversation with evidence.

But there is one point that cannot be omitted. Digitization alone is not enough. The phrase “digitizing without curation is democratizing ignorance” captures this problem well. If we take data with errors, outdated names, doubtful identifications, or misassigned coordinates, and place them on an open platform, we are not necessarily democratizing knowledge. We may be amplifying error.

This warning seems particularly important in the age of artificial intelligence. Sometimes digitization and artificial intelligence are discussed as if they could replace the work of specialists. I see it differently. The more capacity we gain to process large volumes of data, the more important rigorous review of that data becomes. The speed of digital workflows can cause a taxonomic error, an unresolved synonymy, or a mistaken identification to propagate downstream into many later analyses.

In BIODATA, we have seen that digitizing herbaria requires continuous taxonomic and cataloguing work. The scientific names in datasets must be updated. Identifications must be evaluated. Records must be integrated using common criteria. Discrepancies do not disappear just because data are published on a platform. Often, they become more visible. That visibility is positive, but only if there is a community that, before publication, takes care of correcting, interpreting, and updating the information.

That is why the work of botanists remains fundamental. Artificial intelligence can help measure, classify, extract information from images, recognize patterns, program analyses, and accelerate processes that previously took much longer. But it cannot replace the body of knowledge that allows us to know whether a datum makes sense. Artificial intelligence needs high-quality data to be genuinely useful. If the input data are weak, incomplete, or incorrect, the results will be too, even if they are produced with great efficiency.

The technological development of biological collections depends on building better systems of work. Systems where artificial intelligence helps speed up tasks, but where curation, traceability, and expert knowledge remain central. Digitization will only contribute to knowledge if the data infrastructure operates with criteria of review and with communities of practice capable of sustaining it.

In Chile, this discussion opens a very large opportunity. We have valuable biological collections, a scientific community with deep knowledge of the country’s flora and fauna, and technological capacities that have grown significantly over the last few years. If we manage to digitize, integrate, and curate that information properly, we could build a biodiversity database with very low levels of uncertainty.

That would have important consequences for research and conservation. It would allow better public decisions to be made. Biodiversity management needs organized, updated, and reusable evidence. Without that foundation, decisions remain too exposed to information fragmentation.

It seems to me that Chile is in a favorable position to advance toward a modern biodiversity management system. We have accumulated knowledge, collections, researchers, institutions, and technologies available. The challenge is to connect these elements in a common infrastructure capable of transforming specimens, data, and expert interpretations into actionable knowledge.

In that sense, digitizing herbaria is not merely a technical task. It is a way of organizing and amplifying the country’s biodiversity knowledge so that we can think better about its future.